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Lost CommandosWin Last BattleFormer South Vietnamese commandos (left to right) Sang Xuan Nguyen, Bui QuangCat, Son Van Ha, and Hoc Van Mai, meet at Mai's San Jose home to discuss theU.S. LastLines of DefensePhotoby Eric LachicaChain Reaction:Filipino WWII veterans chained themselves in front of the White Houselast July to protest the delay in benefits. South Vietnamese and Laotianvets have joined them in demands for equal veterans benefits.Veterans benefits become a key civil rights issue for APA groupsBY BERTELJERAFilipinosoldiers fought in some of the fiercest battles in the Pacific during World WarII. And when their American commanders ordered them to surrender to the invadingJapanese forces, they endured the infamous 'Bataan Death March.'
Later, many ofthem took to the hills and waged a guerrilla war. After the war, they weredeclared ineligible for benefits under the G.I. Bill and other laws. Now morethan 50 years later, they are still seeking formal recognition as U.S. Veteransas well as the accompanying benefits.
South Vietnamese commandos were recruitedby the Central Intelligence Agency for sabotage and intelligence missions deepinside North Vietnam. When they were captured, their U.S. Officers declared themdead and forgot about them until long after the end of the Vietnam War. Theywere on the Pentagon payroll and never formally discharged from militaryservice, yet they are not considered U.S. Veterans.Laotians andHmongs are a gentle people, proud of their independence and simple ways.American officers recruited them to fight the Communists and help rescue downedU.S.
Pilots during the Vietnam War. They were lauded for their bravery, loyalty,and fierce anti-communist spirit. But they too are not considered U.S. Veteransand, in fact, could now lose their primary source of sustenance-food stamps.All of these soldiers are Asians. All fought under the U.S. Yet nonereceives benefits enjoyed by other U.S.
More and more are asking foran explanation. The answer is as complicated as the era in which the UnitedStates was at war. World War II was fought more than a half-century ago. MostAmericans do not have a recollection of that conflict. The Vietnam War does notconjure happy memories for the American public; it might as well be forgotten.Advocates within the Asian American community say that political expediency, theenormous cost, and public apathy have conspired to push these veteran's issuesoff of the nation's radar screens. Some say it's a question of fairness thatnational leaders have yet to fully address.
And time is running out.' When we asksomeone to stand with us, fight with us under our flag, we should not turn andrun away from them when they seek our assistance,' said John Mattes, a Miamilawyer who is spearheading the effort to obtain veteran status for former SouthVietnamese soldiers. 'That is cowardly.' A littlehistory helps to clarify the issues. In the case of Filipino veterans, they wereinducted into the U.S. Army under a military order issued by President Roosevelton July 26, 1941. At that time, the Philippine Islands were a colony of theUnited States.
About 120,000 members of the Commonwealth Armed Forces of thePhilippines were merged with the 12,000-strong Philippine Scouts and 10,000 U.S.Army regulars to form the first line of defense against the advancing Japanese.Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the troops made a stand at Bataanand Corrigidor. The Filipino soldiers, fighting side by side with their U.S.comrades, held off the Japanese for five months, allowing the U.S.
To preparefor the defense of Australia and the eastern Pacific. When Bataan and Corrigidorfell in 1942, many of the Filipino soldiers became guerrilla fighters, harassingthe Japanese and providing intelligence information to their American officers.Their work helped smooth the return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur to the Philippinesto liberate the islands in 1944. In the latter part of 1945, the U.S. VeteransAdministration (VA) tried to determine how much it would cost to provideveterans benefits to the Filipino soldiers. The VA administrator at the time,Gen. Omar Bradley, estimated that it would cost the U.S.
$3.2 billion tocompensate the veterans and eligible family members.Because of theenormous cost, the U.S. Congress decided to pass the Rescission Act of 1946,stating that military service under the Philippine colonial government was notconsidered active service in the U.S. Armed Forces.The U.S.Congress allocated $200 million for partial benefits, including service-relateddisability, death, and life insurance. The Filipino veterans were classifiedunder four categories: Regular Philippine Scouts, who enlisted with the U.S.Armed Forces before Oct. 6, 1945; Special Philippine Scouts, whose service beganon or after Oct. 6, 1945; and members of the Commonwealth Army of thePhilippines.
The fourth category recognized guerrillas, who supported U.S.forces from April 1942 to June 1946. In all, nearly 200,000 Filipinos foughtunder the U.S. About 70,000, now mostly in their 70s and 80s, are stillalive,. Only the Regular Philippine Scouts receive the full range of veteransbenefits, while those in the other categories receive 50 cents for every dollarauthorized in monetary compensation.Patrick Ganio,who heads the Washington, D.C-based American Coalition for Filipino Veterans(ACFV), said Filipinos were singled out for denial of full benefits, while116,000 alien veterans from 66 foreign countries that fought in the samesituation were granted full benefits. 'Unless and until the law is rectified tocorrect the wrong done to Filipino veterans, the claim for equalized benefitsremain unresolved,' Ganio said. 'To the Filipino veterans now in the twilight oftheir lives, time is running out.'
A veteransequity bill has been filed in the U.S. Congress since 1989, but none hassucceeded in securing benefits for the Filipino veterans. Legislators made anoverture by adopting an amendment to the 1990 Immigration Law that allowed about26,000 Filipino veterans to become U.S.
Citizens.Although nowU.S. Citizens, they are still denied benefits available to other U.S. Veterans.Ken McKinnon, a spokesman for the Department of Veteran Affairs, said thatveteran status is not based on citizenship, but on military service.Since the U.S.Congress declared back in 1946 that service in the Philippine CommonwealthForces and the guerrilla movement was not considered active service in the U.S.military, Filipinos do not have the status of U.S.
Veterans, McKinnon said. 'Weprovide benefits to veterans as provided by law,' McKinnon added. 'We do notmake the policies; we implement them.' The FilipinoVeterans Equity Bill hopes to do just that. Authored by Sen. Daniel Inouye,D-Hawaii, in the U.S. Senate and Rep.
Bob Filner, D-Calif., in the House ofRepresentatives, the bill seeks to give Filipino veteran parity with other U.S.veterans. Again, the bill is given slim chance of passage this year. EricLachica, executive director of the American Coalition for Filipino Veterans,said 50 senators and 216 representatives must co-sponsor the legislation toensure its passage. So far, 11 senators and 176 representatives have signed on,but there's a long way to go. 'What we're asking for is something we should havegotten back in 1946,' Lachica said.
'It's about time the U.S. comes throughwith its promises and obligations.'
Last monthbrought some good news. The Senate Veterans Affairs Committee voted to provideburial benefits to naturalized Filipino veterans who reside in the UnitedStates.Sen. DanielAkaka, D-Hawaii, who sits on the committee said it was a small but significantconcession toward granting the Filipino veterans their due. 'Providing fullburial benefits to Filipino veterans who fought alongside our men in thePhilippine Islands is a small, but symbolic first step toward equity,' Akakasaid in a prepared statement.Filipinoveterans recently opened a new front in their quest to secure full benefits.They filed a lawsuit against the federal government, seeking full benefits andback pay.' You can onlysit down and wait for so long,' said the veterans' lawyer, William Salica fromLos Angeles. 'These plaintiffs don't have much time to wait.'
The suit inLos Angeles Superior Court was filed on behalf of 220 former military personnelall living in the United States.The SouthVietnamese commandos have also used the courts and the U.S. Congress to demandcompensation and recognition as U.S. Last year, legislators approved a$20-million compensation package to be paid out to the commandos, each receivingan average of $20,000. Claims are now being processed and could be disbursedbefore the end of the year, according to Mattes, the commandos' lawyer.About 200 ofthe estimated 350 commandos who have been identified now live in the UnitedStates.But Mattessaid he is working toward recognition for former soldiers as U.S. Veteransentitled to medical care, housing loans, student loans, job training, and otherbenefits.He said he haspetitioned the Pentagon to classify his clients as U.S.
Failing that,he said he's willing to go to court or to the U.S. Congress to secure thebenefits.' These menwere on the payroll as combat employees of the United States,' Mattes said.'
They are eligible to gain veteran status.' It was throughMattes' work and that of a former U.S. Intelligence officer that the plight ofthe commandos became known. The CIA and, later, the U.S.
Army botched the spyoperations in North Vietnam and many of the soldiers were captured after theyparachuted behind enemy lines. Recent declassified documents indicate that U.S.officers declared them dead, and their families were provided burialcompensation and other benefits.Mattes saidthat documents recently made public show that the commandos were 'killed off 'to reduce cost, even though there was evidence the men were being held inCommunist prisons.Although theVietnam War ended in 1975, many of the commandos were still in prison campsuntil the mid-1980s.
Sang Xuan Nguyen, who now lives in San Jose, said they wereplaced in single cells and shackled.' We were neverallowed outside for fear that we would escape,' Nguyen said. 'It was terrible.The food was not fit for humans.' Mattes saidit's critical for the commandos to receive medical care, especially now thatthey are advancing in age.
'Medicaid-which the commandos receive-does notaddress the battle wounds and torture these people suffered,' he said. 'Thesemen are wounded and need specialized care.' That could beachieved by declaring them U.S. Veterans, Mattes said. 'The evidence isoverwhelming,' he said.
'We have the physical payrolls and the persons whoengaged in combat. There can't be a clearer case than that.' He said thatif the petition, which was sent to the Pentagon in September, is denied, he willgo to court to compel the military to recognize the commandos as veterans.' This countrycould do the right thing,' Mattes said, adding that the same treatment could notbe done to white POWs or to minority groups other than Asians. 'Sometimes, wehave to bring out our government kicking and screaming to provide justice.'
In asense, the Hmongs and Laotians are doing just that. They are using the courts,with help from the Asian Law Caucus, to keep their food-stamp benefits, whichthe new welfare reform law has taken away.Under lastyear's welfare reform act, noncitizens, except those who meet limited exceptionssuch as veterans, are barred from receiving food stamps.
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According to Asian LawCaucus attorney Victor Hwang, there is a sense in Congress that Hmongs and otherHighland Lao veterans who fought on behalf of the U.S. Armed Forces during theVietnam conflict should be considered veterans for purposes of continuingcertain welfare benefits.About 50 Hmongand Lao veterans whose benefits were terminated earlier this month are testingthe language of the law at a municipal court in Marysville, Calif. 'All they'reasking is not to be cut off from welfare,' Hwang said. 'They should be givenveteran status. They thought the welfare checks and benefits were money theyearned for fighting for the U.S. They said it was OK to send 100 Hmongs to dieto save the life of one American soldier.
They literally killed themselves tosave American lives.' He said the welfare benefits were practically 'bribes' tothem for the past 20 years. 'Now, you turn around and say, 'get a job.'
'According to the 1990 census, there are about 100,000 Hmongs in the UnitedStates, with nearly half (43,000) living in California. There are about 150,000Laotians, again mostly in California, particularly Fresno, San Diego, andSacramento.A mountainpeople with limited education, about 60 to 70 percent of Hmongs and Laotians areon welfare, according to Hwang, who is representing many of them in appeals tokeep their food stamps.' They are someof the most loyal anti-Communists that you can find,' Hwang said. 'Some say,their only useful skill was killing people. Now that it's peacetime, they don'tneed that skill-and they have nothing else.' Yee Xiong,president of the California Statewide Lao/Hmong Coalition, said his people havesuffered long enough.
'The Hmong people were targeted for persecution andexecution in Laos because of their service on behalf of the CIA,' Xiong said.' Many have sacrificed the lives of their parents, brothers, sisters, sons, anddaughters on the promise the United States would care for their families. All weask is to honor that promise.' 'Lost Commando' Bui Quang Cat shows a photo of himself as a youngrecruit in American military training in Saigon. He was captured on a1966 mission in North Vietnam and spent 17 years in a labor camp. He nowlives with his wife and two children in San Jose, Calif.From 1961 to1975, the Hmongs and Laotians were recruited and trained to fight the NorthVietnamese Army and rescue pilots shot down in Laos and Vietnam.
By someaccounts, as many as 150,000 fled their country at the end of the war when theCommunists took over. They were resettled in Minnesota, Wisconsin, California,and other places. In September, the veterans were honored at a ceremony inWisconsin for their sacrifices during the Vietnam War.But accordingto McKinnon, the Department of Veterans Affairs spokesman, the agency has foughtagainst granting veteran status for those who have not served actively in theU.S. You need toshow a discharge document from the military service,' McKinnon said. 'If it's anhonorable discharge, then you may be entitled to certain benefits.'
The benefitsinclude disability compensation, pension, burial benefits, home loan guarantees,small-business loans, hospitalization and health care, and education under theG.I. Lemons, the acting undersecretary for benefits at theDepartment of Veterans Affairs, said they have opposed the Filipino VeteransEquity Bill because the current Philippine law for veterans is as comprehensiveas that authorized by U.S. There is noquestion that Filipino forces, fighting to preserve the independence of theirhomeland, contributed to the allied victory in the Pacific,' Lemons said in atestimony before the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee in July.' However,current law appropriately recognizes our two nations' shared responsibility fortheir well-being and should not be changed,' Lemons said. In addition, he saidthe health-related components of the bill would cost an estimated $1.6 billionin fiscal 1998 and $7.5 billion over five years.
But Filipino veterans advocatessay the estimates are inflated. For one thing, only about 70,000 of the veteransare still alive, and less than half of them are U.S. What's sounfair is that they are looked upon as less than equal to other Americanservicemen,' said Lachica, the ACFV executive director. He added, however, thatthe strong opposition from even the Department of Veterans Affairs, which shouldbe an advocate, will not deter them from seeking parity. The decision to provideburial benefits for Filipino veterans in the U.S. Is an encouraging sign. 'It'sa very small concession, but it chips away at the 1946 Rescission Act,' Lachicasaid.
'But we're aiming higher. They deserve to get those benefits.' But Mattes isless diplomatic. He said racism is the reason why the Asian veterans are notrecognized for what they are-U.S.
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'It's so easy to turn our backs onpeople who are not white or Anglos,' he said. 'Let's be honest, if this happenedto white Anglo soldiers, do you think the Pentagon would be as callous?'